Figure 3
Cytokine/chemokine concentrations of IL-8 (A), IFN-γ (B), IL-6 (C), IL-10 (D), IL-17A (E), IL-36RA (F), IP-10 (G), MCP-1 (H), MIP-1β (I), and VEGF-A (J) in the serum of calves after bovine coronavirus infection between the IN (intranasal; white box) and oral (black box) groups. Data are presented as the mean ± SD of each time point. Statistical analyses were performed using two-way ANOVA with repeated measures. Significance levels are indicated by *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and *** p < 0.001.