Table 1 Overview identified viruses
Virus | Family genome | Symptoms | Transmission proven |
|---|---|---|---|
Chronic bee paralysis virus | Unclassified Enveloped ssRNA( +) | Syndrome 1: trembling bees with a bloated abdomen. These bees are unable to fly; they crawl in front of the hive and die within a few days Syndrome 2: hairless and darker bees (called black robbers) who suffered nibbling attacks by healthy bees. They also die within a few days [8, 34] | Oro-faecal [34] Contact [79] |
Lake Sinai virus | Unclassified ssRNA( +) | Associated with bad colony health, but symptoms are unknown [37] | Unknown |
Sacbrood virus | Iflaviridae non-enveloped ssRNA( +) | Causes pupation failure, which results in swollen larvae filled with fluid. Young infected adult bees show precocious foraging and impaired foraging activity with a reduction of life span. Older adults can be infected but are asymptomatic [8] Pupae can also be asymptomatic [80] | Oro-faecal [8] |
Apis mellifera filamentous virus | Baculoviridae Enveloped dsDNA | Oro-faecal [50] | |
Deformed wing virus | Iflaviridae non-enveloped ssRNA( +) | Causes crumpled or aborted wings, shortened abdomens, paralysis, severely shortened adult life span, impaired learning, and foraging behaviour [8, 47] | Oro-faecal [47] Vertical [47] |
Apis rhabdovirus 1 and 2 | Rhabdoviridae Enveloped ssRNA(−) | Unknown | Unknown |
Bee macula-like virus | Tymoviridae ssRNA( +) | Unknown | Unknown |