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Figure 2 | Veterinary Research

Figure 2

From: Lactoferrin exhibits PEDV antiviral activity by interfering with spike-heparan sulfate proteoglycans binding and activating mucosal immune response

Figure 2

PEDV promoted viral replication by binding to HSPG. A Immunofluorescence analysis showing the distribution of HSPG in Vero E6 cells. HSPG appears red, while nuclei are counterstained blue with DAPI (scale bar = 100 μm). B Immunofluorescence analysis depicting the interaction between PEDV and HSPG, with HSPG stained red, PEDV-N protein stained green, and nuclei counterstained blue with DAPI (scale bar = 20 μm). C HSPG was covalently immobilized on a CM5 sensor chip, and the binding between HSPG and PEDV S was assessed by surface plasmon resonance assay. D Cytotoxicity assay evaluating the effect of various concentrations of HSPG on Vero E6 cells. E, F Measurement of viral RNA levels in cells (E) and viral titers in culture supernatants (F) conducted using RT-qPCR and plaque assays, respectively, for different experimental groups. ns, not significant, **P < 0.01.

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Veterinary Research

ISSN: 1297-9716